Frequency regulation in adaptive virtual inertia and power reserve control with high PV penetration by probabilistic forecasting

The large-scale deployment of sustainable energy sources has become a mandatory goal to reduce pollution from electricity production. As photovoltaic (PV) plants replace conventional synchronous generators (SGs), their significant inherent rotational inertia characteristics are reduced. high penetration PV results in reduced system inertia, leading frequency instability. Virtual inertial control (VIC) technology attracted increasing interest because its ability mimic inertia. Adoption the storage (ESS) is hindered by cost, although it can be used provide virtual determined forecast gives PVs reserve power before shading and compensate when drop occurs, which increase Nevertheless, errors waste stable state. To improve stability microgrid ESS efficiency, this study proposes an adaptive forecasting-based (AFB) VIC method using probabilistic forecasts. proposed simulation reveal that reserved power, required capacity, battery aging.